如何在基于ssh的会话上使用命令行从Debian Linux 8 Jessie升级到Debian 9 Stretch
时间：2020-01-09 10:39:48 来源:igfitidea点击:
如何在基于ssh的会话上使用命令行将我的Debian 8(Jessie)系统升级到Debian 9(Stretch)？
可以使用ssh从Debian 8升级到Debian 9。
本教程显示了如何使用命令行从Debian 8 Jessie Linux升级到Debian 9 Stretch。
请注意，Debian 9进行了重大更改，升级可能会失败，包括由于数据格式更改而可能导致数据损坏。
步骤1：备份服务器上的所有重要数据
进行备份(我正在使用Rsnapshot)，在执行此备份之前，对它进行系统备份有多么重要，这一点已经足够强调了。
本教程中列出的大多数操作是在假设它们将由运行bash或任何其他现代shell的root用户执行的前提下编写的。
执行以下命令以查看当前版本：
$ uname -mrs
输出示例：
Linux 3.16.0-4-amd64 x86_64
或者
$ lsb_release -a
输出示例：
No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Debian Description: Debian GNU/Linux 8.8 (jessie) Release: 8.8 Codename: jessie
步骤2：修补现有系统
执行以下apt-get命令/apt命令：
$ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get upgrade $ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
或者
$ sudo apt update $ sudo apt upgrade $ sudo apt dist-upgrade
如果内核或其他库正在更新，请重新引导系统，运行：
$ sudo reboot
步骤3：更新/etc/apt/sources.list文件
同样，在执行以下任何命令之前，请先阅读此页。
这是我的默认/etc/apt/sources.list
$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
输出示例：
deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main
使用文本编辑器(例如joe命令/vi命令)以如下方式更新文件(将jessie替换为Stretch)：
$ sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list
输出示例：
deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stretch main contrib deb http://security.debian.org/ stretch/updates main
保存并关闭文件。
要更新可用软件包的列表以进行拉伸，请运行：
$ sudo apt-get update
输出示例：
Get:1 http://mirrors.kernel.org stretch InRelease [195 kB] Get:2 http://security.debian.org stretch/updates InRelease [62.9 kB] Get:3 http://security.debian.org stretch/updates/main amd64 Packages [1,404 B] Get:4 http://security.debian.org stretch/updates/main Translation-en [1,767 B] Get:5 http://mirrors.kernel.org stretch/contrib Translation-en [45.9 kB] Get:6 http://mirrors.kernel.org stretch/main Translation-en [5,392 kB] Get:7 http://mirrors.kernel.org stretch/main amd64 Packages [7,095 kB] Get:8 http://mirrors.kernel.org stretch/contrib amd64 Packages [50.9 kB] Fetched 12.8 MB in 6s (2,129 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
查看升级所需的磁盘空间：
$ sudo apt-get -o APT::Get::Trivial-Only=true dist-upgrade
输出示例：
.... sysv-rc sysvinit-utils tar task-english task-ssh-server tasksel tasksel-data tcpd telnet texinfo time traceroute tzdata ucf udev util-linux util-linux-locales vim vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny w3m wget whiptail whois xauth xdg-user-dirs xkb-data xml-core xz-utils zlib1g 398 upgraded, 139 newly installed, 3 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 213 MB of archives. After this operation, 335 MB of additional disk space will be used. E: Trivial Only specified but this is not a trivial operation.
使用NA命令查看可用磁盘空间：
$ df -H
输出示例：
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda 21G 1.1G 19G 6% / udev 11M 0 11M 0% /dev tmpfs 210M 4.5M 206M 3% /run tmpfs 525M 0 525M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.3M 0 5.3M 0% /run/lock tmpfs 525M 0 525M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
通过安装/升级软件包来升级系统：
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
输出示例：
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: docutils-common docutils-doc libasprintf0c2 liblcms2-2 libpaper-utils libpaper1 libperl4-corelibs-perl libuuid-perl libwebp5 libwebpdemux1 libwebpmux1 python-docutils python-pil python-pygments python-roman Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. Done The following packages have been kept back: apt apt-listchanges apt-utils aptitude aptitude-common bc bind9-host curl dbus dmsetup dnsutils eject exim4 exim4-base exim4-config exim4-daemon-light file ftp gnupg gnupg-agent gnupg2 ifupdown init init-system-helpers initramfs-tools initscripts iotop iproute2 iptables iputils-ping isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common libarchive-extract-perl libavahi-client3 libc-bin libc6 libcairo2 libclass-c3-xs-perl libcpan-meta-perl libcryptsetup4 libcups2 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libdbus-1-3 libdevmapper1.02.1 libfcgi-perl libfreetype6 libgcc1 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgnutls-openssl27 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libhtml-parser-perl .... .. The following packages will be upgraded: acl acpi acpi-support-base acpid adduser aptitude-doc-en at base-files base-passwd bash bash-completion bsd-mailx bsdmainutils bsdutils busybox bzip2 ca-certificates console-setup console-setup-linux coreutils cpio cron dash dc debconf debconf-i18n debian-archive-keyring debian-faq debianutils dictionaries-common diffutils discover dmidecode doc-debian docutils-common docutils-doc dpkg e2fslibs e2fsprogs findutils fontconfig fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core geoip-database gettext-base gpgv grep groff-base grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub2-common gzip hicolor-icon-theme host hostname iamerican ibritish ienglish-common info insserv install-info .... .. 283 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 115 not upgraded. Need to get 69.9 MB of archives. After this operation, 14.8 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main base-files amd64 9.9 [67.2 kB] Get:2 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main libtinfo5 amd64 6.0+20151126-1 [299 kB] Get:3 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main libncurses5 amd64 6.0+20151126-1 [93.4 kB] Get:4 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main libncursesw5 amd64 6.0+20151126-1 [115 kB] .... .... .. Get:281 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main xdg-user-dirs amd64 0.15-2+b1 [52.2 kB] Get:282 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main host all 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-12.3 [185 kB] Get:283 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main os-prober amd64 1.75 [29.8 kB] Fetched 69.9 MB in 1min 3s (1,104 kB/s) ... ... .. update-alternatives: using /usr/share/docutils/scripts/python2/rst2html4 to provide /usr/bin/rst2html4 (rst2html4) in auto mode update-alternatives: using /usr/share/docutils/scripts/python2/rst2html5 to provide /usr/bin/rst2html5 (rst2html5) in auto mode Setting up tasksel (3.39) ... Setting up task-english (3.39) ... Setting up task-ssh-server (3.39) ... Setting up tasksel-data (3.39) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-18+deb8u9) ... Processing triggers for systemd (215-17+deb8u7) ... Processing triggers for ca-certificates (20151130+nmu1) ... Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs... 0 added, 0 removed; done. Running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d... done. Processing triggers for dictionaries-common (1.27.2) ... ispell-autobuildhash: Processing 'american' dict. ispell-autobuildhash: Processing 'british' dict.
最后，智能升级所有内容：
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
输出示例：
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: docutils-common docutils-doc libasprintf0c2 libbind9-90 libdns100 libintl-perl libintl-xs-perl libisc95 libisccc90 libisccfg90 libjasper1 liblcms2-2 liblwres90 .... .. Done The following packages will be REMOVED: libcwidget3 libsigc++-2.0-0c2a perl-modules The following NEW packages will be installed: dh-python dirmngr distro-info-data firmware-linux-free gcc-6-base gnome-icon-theme gnupg-l10n gtk-update-icon-cache initramfs-tools-core irqbalance keyutils libapparmor1 libapt-inst2.0 libapt-pkg5.0 libb-hooks-endofscope-perl libbind9-140 libboost-filesystem1.62.0 libboost-iostreams1.62.0 libboost-system1.62.0 libc-l10n libclass-method-modifiers-perl libclass-xsaccessor-perl libcpan-changes-perl libcroco3 libcwidget3v5 libdata-perl-perl libdevel-caller-perl .... .. The following packages will be upgraded: apt apt-listchanges apt-utils aptitude aptitude-common bc bind9-host curl dbus dmsetup dnsutils eject exim4 exim4-base exim4-config exim4-daemon-light file ftp gnupg gnupg-agent gnupg2 ifupdown init init-system-helpers initramfs-tools initscripts iotop iproute2 iptables iputils-ping isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common libarchive-extract-perl libavahi-client3 libc-bin libc6 libcairo2 libclass-c3-xs-perl libcpan-meta-perl libcryptsetup4 libcups2 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libdbus-1-3 libdevmapper1.02.1 libfcgi-perl libfreetype6 libgcc1 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgnutls-openssl27 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libhtml-parser-perl libintl-perl libldap-2.4-2 liblocale-gettext-perl libmagic1 libmodule-pluggable-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libparams-util-perl libpod-readme-perl libpython-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib librtmp1 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libstdc++6 libsub-name-perl libsystemd0 libtext-charwidth-perl libtext-iconv-perl libtext-soundex-perl libudev1 libuuid-perl libxml-libxml-perl libxml-parser-perl libxml2 linux-image-amd64 locales lsb-release mutt nfs-common openssh-client openssh-server openssh-sftp-server openssl perl perl-base pinentry-gtk2 procps python python-apt python-debianbts python-minimal python-pil python2.7 python2.7-minimal reportbug rsyslog systemd sysv-rc sysvinit-utils telnet texinfo udev util-linux util-linux-locales vim vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny w3m wget 115 upgraded, 139 newly installed, 3 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 143 MB of archives. After this operation, 320 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main locales all 2.24-11 [3,290 kB] Get:2 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main libc-l10n all 2.24-11 [819 kB] Get:3 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main libc6 amd64 2.24-11 [2,691 kB] Get:4 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main libc-bin amd64 2.24-11 [779 kB] Get:5 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main gcc-6-base amd64 6.3.0-18 [180 kB] .... .. ... Get:250 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main w3m amd64 0.5.3-34 [1,030 kB] Get:251 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main gnupg-l10n all 2.1.18-6 [892 kB] Get:252 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main irqbalance amd64 1.1.0-2.3 [40.4 kB] Get:253 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main publicsuffix all 20160424.0717-1 [98.2 kB] Get:254 http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/ stretch/main python-debianbts all 2.6.1 [11.5 kB] Fetched 143 MB in 1min 11s (2,000 kB/s) Reading changelogs... Done apt-listchanges: Mailing root: apt-listchanges: news for localhost Extracting templates from packages: 100% Preconfiguring packages ... Deferring configuration of apt-listchanges until python3 is available (Reading database ... 32357 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../locales_2.24-11_all.deb ... Unpacking locales (2.24-11) over (2.19-18+deb8u9) ... Selecting previously unselected package libc-l10n. Preparing to unpack .../libc-l10n_2.24-11_all.deb ... Unpacking libc-l10n (2.24-11) ... Preparing to unpack .../libc6_2.24-11_amd64.deb ... Checking for services that may need to be restarted... Checking init scripts... Unpacking libc6:amd64 (2.24-11) over (2.19-18+deb8u9) ... Setting up libc6:amd64 (2.24-11) ... Checking for services that may need to be restarted... Checking init scripts...
接下来重启服务器/台式机/笔记本电脑，运行：
$ sudo reboot
验证新升级
执行以下命令：
$ uname -mrs
输出示例：
Linux 4.9.0-3-amd64 x86_64
$ lsb_release -a
输出示例：
:No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Debian Description: Debian GNU/Linux 9.0 (stretch) Release: 9.0 Codename: stretch
