FreeBSD安装Rsnapshot文件系统快照备份实用程序
时间：2020-01-09 10:40:21 来源:igfitidea点击:
如何在FreeBSD服务器上安装基于rsync的rsnapshot文件系统快照实用程序，以备份本地/远程Linux和基于Unix的台式机，服务器和笔记本电脑系统？
rsnapshot是基于rsync命令的文件系统快照实用程序。
rsnapshot使通过ssh制作本地计算机和远程计算机的定期快照变得容易。
该代码尽可能使用硬链接，以大大减少所需的磁盘空间。
它是完全用perl编写的，没有模块依赖性，并且已经通过Perl版本5.004至5.8.1进行了测试。
在本教程中，您将学习如何创建基于FreeBSD的备份服务器，以每小时，每天，每月和每年的格式保存备份。
在FreeBSD服务器上安装rsnapshot
执行以下命令以更新pkg数据库：
# pkg update
输出示例：
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... FreeBSD repository is up-to-date. All repositories are up-to-date.
要安装二进制软件包，请输入以下pkg命令：
# pkg install rsnapshot
要添加软件包类型pkg install rsnapshot命令
另外，我们也可以使用FreeBSD端口集合安装它：
# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/rsnapshot/ # make install clean
在FreeBSD上配置rsnapshot
首先，使用cp命令将/usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf.default复制到/usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf中：
# cp -v /usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf.default /usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf
/usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf.default -> /usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf
接下来，编辑/usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf，执行：
注意！此文件需要在元素之间使用制表符，以避免语法错误。
# vi /usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf
更新和取消注释，如下所示：
# All snapshots will be stored under this root directory. snapshot_root /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/ ######################################### # BACKUP LEVELS / INTERVALS # # Must be unique and in ascending order # # e.g. alpha, beta, gamma, etc. # ######################################### # 6 hourly snapshots - daily (every 4 hour) # 1 daily snapshot - daily # 4 weekly snapshots - weekly (Sunday) # 12 monthly snapshots - 1st day of every month ################################################ retain daily 7 retain hourly 6 retain monthly 12 retain weekly 4 # If you enable this, data will be written to the file you specify. logfile /var/log/rsnapshot # Exclude these files from backups exclude_file /usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.exclude.txt ################################### ### SET BACKUP POINTS / SCRIPTS ### ################################### # LOCALHOST/nas04 Backup our own local freebsd box first backup /home/ nas04/ backup /etc/ nas04/ backup /usr/local/ nas04/ # Okay backup our remote web server called 10.12.249.194 backup [email protected]:/etc/ wwwserver1/ backup [email protected]:/root/ wwwserver1/ backup [email protected]:/home/ wwwserver1/ backup [email protected]:/scripts/ wwwserver1/ backup [email protected]:/usr/share/lxc/ wwwserver1/ backup [email protected]:/lib/ufw/ swwwserver1/ backup [email protected]:/var/www/ swwwserver1/ # Backup mysql database too backup_script /usr/bin/ssh [email protected] "/scripts/mysql/backup.nas.sh" unused1/ backup_script /usr/bin/scp -r [email protected]:/backups/mysql/nas/ /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/tmp/ mysql/wwwserver1/ # Backup v.backup2 server too backup [email protected]:/root/ backup2/ backup [email protected]:/etc/ backup2/ backup [email protected]:/var/www/ backup2/
在10.12.249.194远程服务器中安装mysql备份帮助程序脚本
在MySQL服务器上的/scripts/mysql/backup.nas.sh位置创建如下脚本：
#!/bin/bash
# Name: backup.nas.sh
# Author: <www.theitroad.local> under GPL v2.x+
# Purpose: Backup mysql databases for rsnapshot
# Tested on: RHEL/CentOS/Debian/Ubuntu only
# --------------------------------------------------------
MUSER='YOUR-USERNAME-HERE'
MPASS='YOUR-PASSWORD-HERE'
MHOST='YOUR-HOSTNAME-HERE'
DEST="/backups/mysql/nas"
NOWFORMAT="%m_%d_%Y_%H_%M_%S%P"
MYSQL="/usr/bin/mysql"
MYSQLDUMP="/usr/bin/mysqldump"
MKDIR="/bin/mkdir"
RM="/bin/rm"
GZIP="/bin/gzip"
DATE="/bin/date"
SED="/bin/sed"
[ ! -d "$DEST" ] && $MKDIR -p "$DEST"
DBS="$($MYSQL -u $MUSER -h $MHOST -p$MPASS -Bse 'show databases')"
DBS="$($SED -e 's/performance_schema//' -e 's/information_schema//' <<<$DBS)"
$RM -f $DEST/* >/dev/null 2>&1
for db in $DBS
do
tTime=$(date +"${NOWFORMAT}")
FILE="$DEST/${db}.${tTime}.gz"
$MYSQLDUMP -u $MUSER -h $MHOST -p$MPASS $db | $GZIP -9 > $FILE
done
在FreeBSD服务器上安装钥匙串
执行以下命令，将用户友好的前端安装到ssh-agent上，以减少登录远程服务器的密码：
# pkg install keychain
输出示例：
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... FreeBSD repository is up to date. All repositories are up to date. The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked): New packages to be INSTALLED: keychain: 2.8.5 Number of packages to be installed: 1 35 KiB to be downloaded. Proceed with this action? [y/N]: y [rsnapshot] [1/1] Fetching keychain-2.8.5.txz: 100% 35 KiB 36.1kB/s 00:01 Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting) [rsnapshot] [1/1] Installing keychain-2.8.5... [rsnapshot] [1/1] Extracting keychain-2.8.5: 100%
在shell启动文件中添加以下条目。
我以root用户在FreeBSD上使用默认csh。
对于rsa键，执行：
## repalce 'webserver' with actual `hostname` ## echo '/usr/local/bin/keychain --clear $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa' >> /root/.cshrc echo 'source $HOME/.keychain/webserver-csh' >> /root/.cshrc
如果您使用的是ed25519键，请尝试：
## repalce 'webserver' with actual `hostname` ## echo '/usr/local/bin/keychain --clear $HOME/.ssh/id_ed25519' >> /root/.cshrc echo 'source $HOME/.keychain/webserver-csh' >> /root/.cshrc
仅在FreeBSD盒上安装和配置ssh密钥
您需要设置公共密钥身份验证并使用钥匙串来管理您的密钥：
# ssh-keygen -t ed25519 ## For rsa key type ## # ssh-keygen -t rsa
输出示例：
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): {ENTER-YOUR-PASSPHRASE-HERE}
Enter same passphrase again: {again-ENTER-YOUR-PASSPHRASE-HERE}
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
5b:74:30:c8:4a:10:78:a3:eb:ce:bd:ee:87:40:82:7f root@webserver
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| .oo . .o |
| . o . o o |
|. o o . . . |
|o o . . . |
| + . S . |
| + E o |
| . o . . |
| .... . |
| .oo=o |
+-----------------+
您需要设置密钥对的位置和名称。
如果那里没有其他密钥，建议您使用默认位置，例如：$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa。
系统将提示您提供私钥的密码(密码)。
我建议您在出现提示时设置密码。
将公用密钥安装在名为v.backup2和10.12.249.194的远程服务器中。
首先，安装一个小的脚本ssh-copy-id，它将您的ssh公钥复制到远程主机，运行：
### only needed on an older version of FreeBSD. Skip it on the FreeBSD 11.x/12.x server and above ### # pkg install ssh-copy-id
输出示例：
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue... FreeBSD repository is up-to-date. All repositories are up-to-date. The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked): New packages to be INSTALLED: ssh-copy-id: 5.6p1 The process will require 2 KiB more space. 2 KiB to be downloaded. Proceed with this action? [y/N]: y [webserver] Fetching ssh-copy-id-5.6p1.txz: 100% 2 KiB 2.5kB/s 00:01 Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting) [webserver] [1/1] Installing ssh-copy-id-5.6p1... [webserver] [1/1] Extracting ssh-copy-id-5.6p1: 100%
现在，安装发布密钥：
# ssh-copy-id -i $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected] # ssh-copy-id -i $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]
在FreeBSD上测试您的配置
执行以下命令：
# rsnapshot configtest # rsnapshot -c /usr/local/etc/rsnapshot.conf configtest
输出示例：
Syntax OK
您可以看到此实用程序将执行的shell命令：
# rsnapshot -t hourly # rsnapshot -t daily # rsnapshot -t weekly # rsnapshot -t monthly
运行rsnapshot并在FreeBSD上进行首次备份
执行以下命令进行每日备份：
# rsnapshot -v daily
例如，可以每小时进行一次备份，如下所示：
# rsnapshot -v daily
配置cron在FreeBSD上运行备份
执行以下命令以配置备份cron作业：
# crontab -e
追加以下条目：
30 */4 * * * /usr/local/bin/rsnapshot hourly 40 21 * * * /usr/local/bin/rsnapshot daily 20 22 * * 6 /usr/local/bin/rsnapshot weekly 10 23 1 * * /usr/local/bin/rsnapshot monthly
保存并关闭文件。
如何还原备份？
假设您要恢复wwwserver1的备份。
如下执行命令(从ls -l输出中选择日期和日期)：
############################# # Login to your FreeBSD server # # cd to backup location # # Select hourly, weekly etc # # scp or rsync to destination # ################################### # cd /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/ # ls -l # cd hourly.0/wwwserver1/ # scp -r var/www/ [email protected]:/var/www/
如何查看rsnapshot日志文件？
执行以下命令：
# grep 'text-here' /var/log/rsnapshot # tail -f /var/log/rsnapshot
如何查看备份磁盘的使用情况
# rsnapshot du
如何比较两个最新的快照/备份？
执行以下命令：
# rsnapshot diff
输出示例：
Comparing /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/hourly.1 to /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/hourly.0 Between /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/hourly.1 and /securebackup/root.user.only/rsnapshot/hourly.0: 11483 were added, taking 25777440 bytes 11483 were removed, saving 25776712 bytes
它还接受两个可选参数，它们可以是snapshot_root中的文件系统路径或备份目录：
# rsnapshot diff dir1 dir2
dir1和dir2是唯一的强制性参数，应为要比较的两个目录的名称。
它们的顺序无关紧要，rsnapshot-diff将始终将较新的文件与较旧的文件进行比较，因此仅显示在较旧文件中的文件将被报告为已删除，而仅显示在较新文件中的文件将被报告为已添加。
